microstrip line calculator. The microstrip realization is typical of most directional couplers in that it comprises two parallel signal lines with the electric and magnetic fields of a signal on one line inducing currents and voltages on the other. microstrip line calculator

 
The microstrip realization is typical of most directional couplers in that it comprises two parallel signal lines with the electric and magnetic fields of a signal on one line inducing currents and voltages on the othermicrostrip line calculator 1 For Microstrip Fed Patch Antenna The Transmission Line model to represent the microstrip fed rectangular patch4–6 as shown in Figure 7 which con-sists of a parallel-plate transmission line connected with two radiating slots (apertures), each of width W and height h, separated by a transmission line of length L

Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator. The substrate parameters (εr and h) and the frequency of interest are required. Impedance in your traces becomes a critical parameter to consider during stackup. The round-wire geometries are loops of wire with various shapes. Dimensions are in meters. 7mil. 2. There are four different types of impedance used in characterizing differential trace impedances. Our RF calculators and converters will provide the figures you need for your radio frequency engineering needs. This tool calculates backward crosstalk which is usually the dominant crosstalk component. This assumes ~0 trace thickness. Note that this defines the bandwidth given the operating frequency and wavelength in free space: Microstrip patch antenna bandwidth A Microstrip Patch Antenna CalculatorCalculadora de Líneas Microstrip S. Description. Such a microstrip is constructed with two traces referenced to the same reference plane with a dielectric material between them. It consists of rectangular substrate and the metal trace layer as shown in Fig. 1 3. R = Zo (K + 1/K) Where, K2 = P3 / P2; (P3 - power at port 3) (P2 - power at port 2). This calculator provides accurate microstrip transmission line analysis and synthesis. 4GHz resonant frequency using the transmission line model. 05/25/2007: Printed Dipole Antenna using. High-speed designs carry a requirement for controlled impedance, crosstalk control, and the need for interplane capacitance. Resistance in mOhm/inch. 1. For microstrip configuration, you have one reference plane below and air on the top, and therefore, Ereff is the effective dielectric constant between air and the dielectric material. Microstrip line LINKSDescription. For 25 ohms, we calculate 31 mils line width and 7. “Inductance Calculations” , F. Here's microstrip on 10 mil quartz. In this PCB calculator, microstrip line of capacitance per unit length is expressed in F/m. This is a required field. 1. (1) When the characteristic impedance (Zo) of the line width (w) is calculated. This online microstrip impedance calculator calculates the characteristic impedance of the microstrip (Ω), W/H ratio, and effective dielectric constant (εe) by entering the value of dielectric material relative permittivity (εr),. there is a small gap on both side of the microstrip with patch. The microstrip line calculator is also essential in high-speed digital circuits, where signal integrity is crucial. 73Ω. Adjust the distance "s". 2 of the Microstrip Calculator, h=H1 and b=H2-H1. Example: Consider a line with a slope of 2 2 and a y-intercept of 3 3. Output. Noise Figure Calculator Calculate noise figure, gain, and noise temperature for a N-Stage cascade device. 11. The propagation delay of a microstrip line can vary depending on its physical characteristics and dielectric material. l= 4. Grounded CPW transmission line impedance calculator. Γ0 = Z01 − ZS Z01 + ZS Γn = Zn + 1 − Zn Zn + 1 + Zn ΓN = ZL − Z0N ZL + Z0N. The spacer material is. When in doubt, use 1 for copper, . It gives a good physical insight but is lessSelect a filter type to begin your design. Calculates the resistance, inductance and capacitance per unit length of common low-loss transmission line configurations. deepcold said: thanks. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) and the frequency of interest are required. 6 mils line width, and the effective dielectric constant is 6. Enter the values of trace width (w), trace thickness. Access Rogers' calculators, literature, technical papers and request samples on your smart phone or tablet through the ROG mobile app. Pasternack's RF Calculators and Conversions section provides engineers valuable and easy-to-use tools ranging from complex mathematical formulas to simple conversions. 109-115, November 1989. Microstrip Line 4. The length of a half-wavelength dipole can be calculated by the given formula: L =. TransLine. Figure 3. Calculates the width of a Microstrip Transmission Line. TX-LINE software is a FREE and interactive transmission-line utility for the analysis and synthesis of transmission-line structures that can be used directly in Cadence ® AWR ® Microwave Office ® software for matching-circuits, couplers, and other high-frequency designs. The microstrip line calculator makes it possible to calculate the characteristic impedance of a microstrip line from the ratio between the width of the line and the height of the substrate as well as the parameters of the substrate. The MWI-2017 Microwave Impedance Calculator software is able to calculate key parameters for most common microwave transmission lines, including microstrip, stripline, and coplanar-waveguide. These include dielectric thickness (h), target impedance (Zo), and relative dielectric constant (εr). D. tools impedance-calculator. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) and the frequency of interest are required. Entering these various values will calculate the impedance of the coax cable using the formula below. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) are required. 9 um이며, 이 조건을 그대로 EM 해석해보면 아래와 같이 51옴정도로 약간 오차가 발생한다. Dielectric Thickness: mm. Total Length. Thickness: Thickness of the stripline conductor. 671; thus Z 0 = 48. Synthesize Enter values for Zo and Electrical Length to determine the physical width and length of the microstrip line. Input w, and click on [ Analyze ] button. This means that on each side of the feed line there should be a distance of 1/2 the microstrip width on each side of the microstrip between the microstrip feed line and the patch antenna. The microstrip impedance calculator shown above uses Wadell’s equations for microstrip impedance, which can be found in the seminal textbook Transmission Line Design Handbook. For this calculation the diameter and length units are in cm. dBm to Watt converter Stripline Impedance calculator Microstrip line impedance Antenna G/T Noise temp. For 25 ohms, we calculate 31 mils line width and 7. (1) When the characteristic impedance (Zo) of the line width (w) is calculated. Microstrip. 1: Microstrip transmission line structure and design parameters. those with complex curves and shapes, in a. 4. Input Zo, and click on [ Synthesis ] button. The size of a microstrip antenna is inversely proportional to its frequency. The first set of results that will be presented uses the coupled microstrip element line model, the MCLIN element, and the filter model is as shown in Figure. Our waveguides are low loss transmission lines capable of handling high power with high isolation. In some. 3mil seems like a substantial enough difference. Before doing so, the width and length have to be determined. Each Port is matched to the characteristic impedance Z 0 of the single, isolated microstrip transmission line. Phase shift formula for phase angle calculator. Introduction. There are a number of pcb transmission line typologies. Modified. A signal travels on a PCB transmission line at a slower speed, affected by the dielectric constant (Er) of the PCB material. This page of converters and calculators section covers microstrip line impedance calculator. Frequency: Frequency at which the stripline is analyzed or. 2 are defined as. Additional benefits of patch antennas is that they are easily fabricated making them cost effective. The transmission line used is a microstrip line with a characteristic impedance of 50 Ohm. This online microstrip impedance calculator calculates the characteristic impedance of the microstrip (Ω), W/H ratio, and effective dielectric constant (εe) by entering the value of dielectric material relative permittivity (εr), the width of the copper trace (W), and dielectric height (H). This calculator computes the trace width of a microstrip given the following information: maximum current, trace thickness, temperature rise, ambient temperature, and length. Permeability (µ) is assumed to be 1. 5 MHz, Z01 = 50 Ohm OUTPUTS: L1 = 4. Tech. A microstrip is a type of transmission line in which a strip of a conducting material like copper is mounted on a dielectric material and routed to a. All About Circuits is the largest online electrical engineering communities in the world with over 700K engineers, who collaborate every day to innovate, design, and create. dBm to Watt converter Stripline Impedance calculator Microstrip line impedance Antenna G/T Noise temp. Visit to learn more about our other electrical engineering tools. 1,2Department of Electronics & Communication, Geentajali Institute of Technical Studies, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India Abstract This paper provides details on how to investigate a newA microstrip is a type of transmission line that consists of a conductor fabricated on dielectric substrate with a grounded plane. Track Thickness: mm. [1] [2] [3] In other words, it is the length of the conductor measured in wavelengths. The propagation delay of the microstrip line. What is Microstrip Impedance? Description. Inductance Calculator. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. 2. Input w, and click on [ Analyze ] button. In most practical cases, the dielectric substrate is electrically thin, that is, h ≪ λ. The required values are trace thickness, substrate heights, trace width, and subtrate dielectric in the calculator above and press the "calculate" button. Interestingly, for a given geometry model, the delay constant in ns/ft is a function only of the dielectric constant, and not the trace dimensions (see Reference 6). A quarter wave transformer is used to match two transmission lines with different impedances. f c = 1 / (2π × 3. 2. PathWave Advanced Design System (ADS) Theory. The microstrip line will be designed on a substrate with a dielectric constant of 10. How do you calculate propagation delay of a transmission line? To calculate the propagation delay of a transmission line, you need to know the length of the. It is an Excel Calculator for a Microstrip. Dual Stripline. If the dielectric constant of the material is not known, you can choose to put in the velocity of. The impedance of this antenna is around 300 Ω, so you may want to use a 4 : 1 transformer or a λ/4 long piece of 150 Ω coaxial cable to match this impedance to 75 Ω. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) are required. The calculator below uses Wadell’s equations to determine the differential impedance of symmetric striplines, which can be found in the seminal textbook Transmission Line Design Handbook. Yes, the inset is discussed in Balanis. The basic model of a microstrip transmission line is shown in Fig. Microstrip Patch Antennas (or simply patch antenna) are increasingly useful because the antenna is printed directly onto a circuit board. This means that for every unit increase in x x, y y increases by 2 2 units, and the line crosses the y-axis at the point (0, 3) ( 0, 3). Single-stub matching is a very common method for impedance matching using microstrip lines at frequences in the UHF band (300-3000 MHz) and above. 2. This can be set to zero, but the calculated loss will not include conductor losses. Stripline. Be aware that there are many microstrip impedance calculators on the Internet that give sometimes widely varying results. Example of Microstrip Filter Calculator of bandpass type: INPUTS : f1 = 1024. MICROSTRIP WIDTH CALCULATOR. e. This is a natural way to implement a transmission line on a printed circuit board, and so accounts for an important and expansive range of applications. 7 mils). Equation 11. Design a microstrip line to have a characteristic impedance of (75:Omega) at (10 ext{ GHz}). As the surface roughness goes from low to high, the conductor losses also increase. Microstrip line is used to carry Electro-Magnetic Waves (EM waves) or microwave frequency signals. An example follows. Using the Microwaves101 microstrip calculator, we see that 50 ohms on 10 mil alumina corresponds to 9. ~5-10 x w •Open transmission line structures require additional consideration ‐Microstrip, Co-Planar Waveguide, Slotline ‐Wave ports must be large enough to capture the transmission line’s field structure For open transmission line structures the Wave Port must surround the structure. 64. Access a free microstrip impedance calculator; View a list of all of our free online calculators; Calculator Inputs. 2: Microstrip line layout: (a) microstrip schematic; (b) stack-up of materials with material 1 being the substrate, material 2 being the metal of the strip,. To use this tool, enter the values for. **Note: Like our stripline impedance calculator, all of our RF calculators allow SI prefix input. It renders fairly accurate results suitable for use in circuit board manufacturing and engineering analysis. The Differential microstrip impedance calculator is used to compute the differential (Zd) and single-ended impedance (Zo) of an edge-coupled microstrip line just by entering the width, separation and thickness of the trace along with the dielectric thickness and constant of the coupled line. ne. Metal loss is reduced by thicker substrates, and is almost inversely proportional. Most of the microstrip impedance calculators you’ll find online use a similar process: enter your microstrip geometry and Dk value for your PCB substrate materials,. for (s/t) >= 5. Description. page accessible in the public. This calculator provides accurate microstrip transmission line analysis and synthesis. 6 GHz UWB SYSTEMS . 243 [ohm] coupling = 0. The waveguide calculator makes it possible to calculate the TEmn / TMmn propagated modes for m = 0,1,2; n = 0. Microstrip Line. Figure 3. Get up-to-date information on products and solutions by opting in to receive emails from us. 72mil. Overview. Compared with metal waveguides, it is small in size, light in weight, bandwidth in use, high in reliability and low. 3. The width, gap and length of each stage of the MCLIN (Microstrip Coupled- Line Filter. Access technical papers, white papers, calculators, tools and more for circuit laminates, prepreg and bonding materials. The plots show the magnitude and phase of the input impedance. Use the txlineMicrostrip object to create a standard, embedded, inverted, or suspended microstrip transmission line. 1) Note that a and b have the dimension power [1]. H 1 (Dielectric thickness) : mm mils. The line inset is designed to set the input impedance looking into the edge of the patch to a target impedance. 4748 x e -10 x (25. This is a required field. Cross-sectional structures along the proposed transition are analyzed using. Compared to waveguides, microstrip is generally has a lower power handling capacity, and higher losses due to the fact that it is not enclosed. 3. 7 mm and the high impedance line width is 0. The amplitude increases as the coupling length increases up to a point. h = rfckt. (© CC BY SA 3. This calculator uses JavaScript and will function in most modern browsers. 19. 6 mm 2, about 0. Latest News 04/20/2011: Noise Figure calculator added. The length of the dipole is usually one-half of the wavelength of the RF signals. Click here to go to our page on stripline. Grounded Coplanar WaveguideThe intensity B of the magnetic field of a solenoid composed of coils wound in air (that is, without a ferromagnetic core) can be calculated using the following formula: where: μ 0 = 4Π x 10 -7 H/m is the magnetic constant (vacuum permeability) N is the number of turns. The skin effect is a phenomenon that increases the effective resistance of the microstrip line and boosts ohmic losses. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. Microstrip. 6 Ω and ε e = 6. Synthesize the physical parameters (length and width) for the λ/4 lines with impedances of Z0 and Z0/√2 (Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the microstrip line which is taken as 50 Ω). Clemson Vehicular Electronics Laboratory: Transmission Line Impedance Calculator. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. Following formula can be derived for the characteristic impedance of a parallel wire transmission line: 1. ±1% in h, ±2% in ±1% in C. Figure 1. 1. 2 permittivity and 1. (2) When the line width (w) of the characteristic impedance (Zo) is calculated. Use this online tool to calculate the height/width ratio, impedance and relative dielectric constant of a microstrip transmission line for any given characteristic impedance and electrical length. Refer article >> on design of microstrip patch antenna used in the mobile phone. Latest News 04/20/2011: Noise Figure calculator added. THESE FORMULAS ARE APPROXIMATIONS! They should not be used when a high degree of accuracy is required. HOWEVER, this copyright paragraph must appear on a "credits" page accessible in the public online and offline documentation of the program. The rule of thumb is approx 1/3 of the distance between the two edges. Coplanar Waveguide Calculator. The characteristic impedance of a micro strip is a function of the strip line width (ω), thickness (t) and the distance between the line and the ground plane (h). Microstrip line LINKSThis calculator is heavilly based on . To use this calculator, simply input your microstrip geometry and Dk value, and the tool will return the differential impedance value for a pair of microstrip traces. The physical characteristics of the microstrip transmission line include the conductor width (w), the. Transmission line loss on MMICs (microstrip or coplanar waveguide) is about 10X worse than coax, or 100X that of waveguide (but the lengths of the transmission lines are really. In most practical cases, the dielectric substrate is electrically thin, that is, h ≪ λ. v) Calculation of Inset feed Depth (Fi): As shown in the fig. Latest News 04/20/2011: Noise Figure calculator added. 2 for the dielectric constant, you will need to check with your fab for the prepreg that will. Finally, there is a bandwidth that can be defined in the frequency domain (units of Hz). Input Zo, and click on [ Synthesis ] button. With t = 35 um (typical for copper with plating on a pcb), Z odd drops to 44 ohms, according to LineCalc. • Coplanar wave guide. This calculator helps translating the color bars from the resistor to its value. Operating frequency, f in GHz 10 Dielectric constant, reff εFree Space Path Loss Calculator. This calculator provides accurate microstrip transmission line analysis and synthesis. Figure 1. Microstrip Antenna Inset Feed Calculator One option for impedance matching is to use an inset, as shown in the image below. Transmission-Line Calculator. The specified antenna nominal input impedance is 50 Ohms. You get the idea. The patch cutout for the feed inset should be > 2 times the microstrip width. d = Trace Separation. Calculating the Differential impedance is a two-step process, first Calculate the single ended impedance Zo and then use this value to calculate the differential impedance. Transform your product pages with embeddable schematic, simulation, and 3D content modules while providing interactive user experiences for your customers. 5. 4: Microstrip Transmission Lines. Enter the εr of the PCB: Enter the width of the track: mm. Matlab/Freemat file 1. Figure 5. The calculator shown below uses Wadell’s equations for differential impedance, which can be found in the seminal textbook Transmission Line Design Handbook. A microstrip transmission line consists of a narrow metallic trace separated from a metallic ground plane by a slab of dielectric material, as shown in Figure 3. Click the button corresponding to the characteristic impedance to calculate its value. Microstrip Transmission Line Models. f if the frequency of the RF signals. Useful converters and calculators. This transmission line calculator. Single Ended Impedance Ω. Follow @SpokCa. Inputs T. This figure references a microstrip line but the key aspect is the gradual change in characteristic impedance that applies to any transmission line. Fig. Take a look online for topics on impedance matching, and one of the topics you’ll inevitably run across is the use of transmission line sections for impedance matching. There is also a dielectric material placed above the conductor. Enter the values of trace width (w), trace thickness. 6 mils line width, and the effective dielectric constant is 6. The microstrip line calculator helps to determine the length and width of a microstrip line for characteristic impedance and electrical length. Input Zo, and click on [ Synthesis ] button. (2) When the line width (w) of the characteristic impedance (Zo) is calculated. For more information see About our. Z o is the impedance of an individual trace. It was invented because of the undesirable effects on coaxial cable when signals in the microwave range propagate through it. An example of a wire microstrip might most often be found in prototypes or reworked boards where a wire is used over the top of pcb or copper clad material. The input impedance, Zin, of the shorted microstrip line is shown in Figure 3. 1. • microstrip has lower loss than GCPW • In general and at millimeter-wave frequencies: • microstrip has more radiation loss than GCPW • microstrip has more issues with mode suppression • microstrip is more dispersive and can limit bandwidth 9 Microwave PCB Structure Considerations: Microstrip vs. Based on frequency-dependent per-unit-length parameters calculated by a 2D quasi-static electromagnetic solver, the models are both integrated in Virtuoso ADE and accessible from stand-alone Spectre netlists. 6046. An embedded microstrip is a microstrip transmission line or flat conductor separated from the ground place via a dielectric material. Each will be discussed in further detail below. In design, the physical dimensions must be determined given the desired electrical properties. 4. Equation (14-20a) states. This calculator is designed to calculate the inductance of a microstrip given its dimensions (width, length and the distance of. 1. Model of microstrip line showing cross-section. The characteristic impedance is given by: Eq. 63261 [-] kodd =. Design a transmission line segment that matches 300 Ω to 50 Ω at 10 GHz using a quarter-wave match. Home; Services. Microstrip Mitred Bend Calculator. Total Capacitance in pf. Description. Hello, It's difficult to do what you called 'simulation of microstrip line using MATLAB', but if you just want to have a width and length value, for certain impedance and electrical length at certain frequency, you could get it from transmission line calculator from Microwave Office or ADS. Typical realisation technologies are printed circuit board (PCB), alumina coated with a. The edge couple differential microstrip transmission line is a common technique for routing differential traces. Microstrip lines are used to convey microwave -frequency signals. If there is an insulator around the wire then this calculator will be an estimate. EEWeb offers a free online twisted pair impedance (transmission line) calculator. Calculation tip for defined Z 0 as well as Z Diff. For Eurocircuit these information are given in the price calculator interface. Just enter the given values for trace thickness, substrate heights, trace width and subtrate dielectric in the calculator above and press the "calculate" button. Designing a chamfer that is absolutely optimized for your particular stackup and frequency band can't be done just from rules of thumb; you'll need to invest (time and money) in an EM simulator if you want that. Reset. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator Calculate dimensions and edge impedance for desired resonant frequency. Therefore doubling the thickness cuts the metal loss in half, but does nothing to loss tangent loss. The electrical parameters may be determined from specified physical parameters, or the physical parameters required to meet a given set of electrical parameters may be found. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator Calculate dimensions and edge impedance for desired resonant frequency. (2) When the line width (w) of the characteristic impedance (Zo) is calculated. 66, the trace height is 1. The source for formulas used in this calculator (except where otherwise noted) is the Design Guide for Electronic Packaging Utilizing High-Speed Techniques (4th Working Draft, IPC-2251, February 2001. The calculator shown below uses. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of an edge coupled stripline. Sorted by: 1. h = rfckt. 4. The characteristic impedance (Z o) of a microstrip transmission line can be calculated using the active calculator or the equations at the bottom of the page. Output. Microstrip Resistance. 06/27/2007: EM Talk Blog added. Scientific Calculator. *Solder resist PCB coating will have the effect of lowering the impedance (due to the 30um or so of Er 3. 3. This is the one-way transit time for a microstrip signal trace. Assumptions and Limitations. Differential Impedance of. RF/Microwave Design; Digital Design; Layout Services; Modeling Services; Embedded Software. Useful converters and calculators. By properly designing microstrip lines with appropriate dimensions and characteristic impedance, engineers can minimize signal reflections, signal distortions, and electromagnetic interference, ensuring reliable and efficient data. Input the parameter of the circuit board and center frequency. Such a microstrip is constructed similarly to the standard microstrip but uses a round conductor instead of a flat trace. Enter values for W and L for a microstrip line to determine its Zo and Electrical Length. Waveguide calculator. A microstrip line : basically you have a net on the top driving the signal and a ground plane on the PCB bottom; microstrip line. In this tutorial, we learn about synthesizing a microstrip transmission (calculating its length and width) using the line calculator (LineCalc) tool availabl. (2) When the line width (w) of the characteristic impedance (Zo) is calculated. This is a commonly used transmission line, as it can be cheaply fabricated using printed circuit board techniques. 위의 Microstrip 계산식에 의거한 Java caculator에서 계산된 50옴 선폭은 442. 2301 [ohm] Z0 = 68. PathWave Advanced Design System (ADS). 18 mm) and the trace thickness (T)(0. Above. A microstrip width calculator can calculate the width of a microstrip. 2. In the following we assume Z0 to be real. The propagation delay of the microstrip line can also be calculated, as per Eq. 984300mm. The characteristic impedance (Z o) of a microstrip transmission line can be calculated using the active calculator or the formula at the bottom of the page. If VSWR is known, then the reflection coefficient (Γ), return loss (RL), and mismatch loss (ML) is calculated by using following formulas. 5mm. Microstrip Characteristic Impedance Calculator Using a Formula by Brian C. Note: Units do not matter for this calculation as long as they are consistent. 109-115, November 1989. Transmission-Line Calculator. • suspended microstrip line. The end of the stub is not connected to the. This figure shows the cross sections of the four types of microstrip transmission lines you can create using the txlineMircostrip object. On the other hand, microstrip will radiate more energy due to its exposure on an exterior layer to air. This parameter is used for the loss calculations. 9, h = 0. They both are separated by air dielectric. This coupling is one of the features of differential traces. 0075e-6 meters. In an ideal power divider, the power going into port 1 is equally split between the two output ports, and vice versa for power combining. The low cost, ease of design and. O. Their low profile design, often square or rectangular, allows them to be mounted to flat surfaces. 4. 2 and a height of 1. 06/08/2009: EM Talk Store added - find discount microwave engineering components and devices. Height of substrate input2. Click here to go to our page. The microstrip a. microstrip returns a microstrip transmission line object whose properties are set to their default values. Two points in space, specified as a 2-by-3 matrix corresponding to two three-element vectors of Cartesian. 5 mils (241 microns). As such, microstrips are also subject to maximum ratings like capacitor and inductor. It covers microstrip line, stripline,suspended stripline, slotline, coplanar waveguide, finline along with figures. Such a circuit will deliver an exact cutoff frequency of. 319e-10 Henries, C1 = 5. This value was. Microstrip Transmission Line Calculator Using IPC-2141 Equation. Press Analyze to see the results. It is similar in function to capacitors and inductors but only for very high frequencies. Here's two references: R. Microstrip Calculator computes a microstrip's Effective Dielectric Constant and Characteristic Impedance. C Higher return loss (lower VSWR) at the primary side. LeeClick here to learn about the Tsai balun, created from a pair of Lange couplers (new for November 2021).